Painting by Gilbert Gaul, "Holding the Line at All Hazards." Author's collection.

CONFEDERATE DEPOT UNIFORMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI AND EAST LOUISIANA, 1864-1865
Part I: The Jackets of Major William J. Anderson’s Depot, Columbus, Mississippi
By Frederick R. Adolphus, March 12, 2016; Updated November 22, 2021

As Les Jensen observed in his ground-breaking article, Survey of Government Made Confederate Jackets, there was a distinct style which he dubbed the “Department of Alabama” jacket.  Jensen gave it this designation based on its provenance with the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana.  Jensen’s “Department of Alabama” jacket has a five-button front, an exterior pocket, a dark blue collar, and is made of tan-colored “woolen jean.”  There is yet another equally prolific jacket type from the department, omitted from Jensen's study, made from grayish domestic twill with a seven-button front, and a double row of stitching around the edges.
 
The two distinct depot jackets warrant more study, and the first question involves where each type jacket was made.  Each type was made at one of the two, late-war, clothing manufactories in the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana, but assigning each type to one or the other operation is tenuous.  A cursory overview of Confederate quartermaster operations in Alabama and Mississippi, however, provides a good basis for solving the mystery.  By mid- to late 1864, there were two chief clothing manufacturing centers in the department: the Columbus, Mississippi operation, managed by Major William J. Anderson, and the factories in Selma and Montgomery under Captain William M. Gillaspie.  Both of these operations furnished clothing to the department’s troops, most of whom were located in the Mobile area.  The products of both manufacturing centers were moved by rail to Demopolis, Meridian or Mobile where they were issued to the army.  Since the clothing from both operations was consolidated and distributed without regard for origin, it is difficult to determine which of the two types of jacket was made at which operation.  Regrettably, neither quartermaster officer described his jackets.  Both the Columbus and Montgomery operations produced roughly the same quantities of clothing, judging from surviving jackets and contemporary images, and both furnished clothing to Confederate troops around Mobile, and at large in the department, to include the portions of the Army of Tennessee that was reassigned to the Department in January 1865.  In fact, roughly equal numbers of each type of jacket survive (eight of one and seven of the other), some with accompanying pants.  The provenance for these uniforms, when available, is usually tied to the Mobile army.  None of the jackets, except for one, have provenance that pre-dates December 1864.  As such, both types might be presumed to be very late war jackets. 
 
Before describing the jackets, a short explanation of the manufacturing centers and their goods is helpful.  Starting with Alabama, three Alabama factories sold woolens to the Confederate quartermaster in 1864, according to an inspection report of Major G.W. Cunningham, the Atlanta Depot Quartermaster, the Tallassee, Scottsville and Tuscaloosa mills.  The Tallassee mill provided the most woolens to the quartermaster, totaling 49,271 yards during the six-month period ending in May 1864.  The Tuscaloosa mill had provided 11,580 yards and the Scottsville mill 8,826 yards during the same period.  This amounted to 69,677 yards.  Gillaspie reported on March 15, 1864, that the cloth used for his Selma Depot uniforms, “…for pants and jackets is principally obtained from the Tallassee factory, and is very substantial.”  From these goods, the Selma Depot supplied the Mobile force with 2,000 uniforms per week by June 5, 1864.  The Tallassee factory also furnished “cotton goods, drillings, etc,” according to a report of January 24, 1865.[1]  The quartermaster at the Montgomery Depot in 1863 and early 1864, Captain A.P. Calhoun, would also have supplied the Mobile troops.  Calhoun’s Montgomery production for 1863 amounted to over 22,000 outfits of pants, shirts, drawers, and caps.  Both Selma and Montgomery had shoe factories, as well as clothing factories.  Eventually, all of the clothing operations in Alabama were consolidated under Gillaspie’s charge and headquartered in Montgomery.  The Alabama depots also used osnaburgs (a coarse, plain weave, unbleached cotton fabric), linseys, shirtings and drillings in making their uniforms.  Osnaburgs were chief among these cotton fabrics, and were used primarily for linings.  Factories that provided the Alabama depots with osnaburgs included the Dog River factory, Marion County Mills, the North Alabama mills, and the factories at Lawrenceburg, Tennessee.[2]  Shirting and drilling were used to a lesser extent than osnaburgs for linings, but were nonetheless available in limited quantities.  Several woolen fabrics were used as basic uniform cloth, including linsey, jeans, and satinet.  Detailed soldier, Thomas Taylor, bought some linsey, shirting, and drilling fabrics from the Confederate quartermaster in Montgomery and used them to have a jacket and pair of pants made.  The weave in Taylor’s linsey has a woolen weft yarn over two and under two cotton warp yarns, and cotton warp yarn under two and over two woolen weft yarns.  The cotton warp is a natural white color, and the woolen weft a sheep's gray, nearly steel gray color.  The fabric has some very small patches of remnant nap, also sheep's gray in color, and the overall fabric color is a light steel gray.  Taylor’s shirting, that lines the body, is a brown, striped cotton; and, the drilling, lining the sleeves, is an unbleached cotton twill.[3]  The fabric weave matches that observed in the Arthur A. Crews cap, that also has an Alabama provenance.  The State of Alabama quartermaster also mentions using satinet for making pants, and linseys, tweeds, jeans and kerseys for general uniform manufacture in 1861-62.[4]  The weave associated with the Confederate uniforms of the Montgomery-Selma Depot is jeans.
 
Mississippi factories produced both osnaburgs for uniform linings and woolen-cotton basic uniform cloth.  Major Livingston Mims, the Chief Confederate Quartermaster in Mississippi, reported on February 5, 1863 from Jackson that he had three depots for procurement: Major William J. Anderson’s in Columbus that furnished about 700 suits of clothing per week; Captain G.P. Theobald’s in Enterprise furnishing 400 pairs of shoes and 250 complete suits of clothing per month; and, Captain William H. Gillaspie’s in Jackson furnishing 1,000 suits of clothing per week and 40 blankets per day.  Three factories, the Jackson, Woodville and Choctaw, made a sufficiency of woolen goods.[5]  An article published shortly thereafter, on March 21, 1863, in Jackson’s Daily Southern Crisis newspaper, entitled “What Mississippi has Done,” recounted the state’s manufacturing achievements, and closely mirrored Mims’s February report.  According to the article, the Jackson manufactory was making five thousand garments weekly, while factories at Bankston, Choctaw County, Columbus, Enterprise, Natchez and Woodville made up another five thousand per week; the hat factories at Jackson and Columbus made two hundred hats per day; a manufactory at Jackson turned out fifty blankets per day; and, private contractors supplied eight thousand pairs of shoes per week, while the quartermaster department was in the process of opening an “extensive Government shoe-shop” in Jackson with a capacity of turning out six thousand pairs of shoes per month.[6]  In May 1863, Federal commanders substantiated this progress, noting in Jackson that both the state penitentiary and the Greene factory manufactured cotton goods, and likewise, there was a large cotton factory in Clinton.[7]  Edward McGehee’s Woodville factory, when destroyed by the Federals in early 1863, was making dyed jeans for uniforms and osnaburg for feed sacks, all of which were sold to the quartermaster in Jackson.[8] James Wesson’s manufacturing complex at Bankston, Choctaw County, turned out significant quantities of cloth and shoes in the spring of 1863.  Wesson’s mill was named the Mississippi Manufacturing Company, but was often referred to as the Bankston or Choctaw mill.  Wesson furnished woolen jeans and linseys to the State of Mississippi and the CS quartermaster at Jackson and Demopolis from at least October1861 to May 1863.  In September 1862, Wesson’s linseys were described as “W” and the jeans as either “W” or “Bro,” (presumably abbreviations for “white” and “brown.”  Wesson furnished jackets and pants to the Confederate quartermaster at Jackson, Demopolis and Selma from at least January to August 1863 (the jackets going to Selma were described as “linsey.”).  Wesson also furnished shoes to Jackson and Selma from at least March to September 1863.[9]  Mims wrote on October 14, 1863, that he drew 4,000 yards of osnaburgs each week from local mills for fabricating into shirts and drawers.[10]  Major William J. Anderson, who had been post quartermaster in Columbus, Mississippi since March 1862, and had been manufacturing clothing and shoes there since at least November 20, 1863, remarked on his use of jeans, linseys and osnaburgs for clothing; his use of both shoe pegs and shoe thread for making shoes; and, on successful contracts for 300 to 600 pairs of shoes per week, and 600 to 1,200 hats per month.  The Mobile Register and Advertiser described Major Anderson’s accomplishments in an article dated May 17, 1864.  Accordingly, Anderson’s Columbus Depot had furnished the army since January 1863 with 51,000 jackets, 50,000 pairs pants, 7,191 coats, 1,859 overcoats, 27,440 shirts, 15,278 pairs drawers, 20,415 hats and caps, 51,277 pairs boots and shoes, and 3,700 blankets.  Wesson’s “Choctaw factory” supplied most of the material used to make the jackets, pants and coats: approximately 18,000 yards of jeans and linsey a month.  Two companies in Columbus provided Anderson with shirting, and hats and caps.  Sherman & Ramsay furnished 6,000 yards of shirting goods per month, and Hale & Sykes made hats and caps.  Shoe manufactories in Lowndes, Oktibbeha and Choctaw Counties delivered between 2,500 to 3,000 pairs monthly, accounting for about two-thirds of Anderson’s shoe production.[11]  In a letter of July 26, 1864, Anderson described his manufactures thusly, “The clothing material is excellent and the workmanship superior to any I have seen made elsewhere.”  Taken as a whole, the manufacturing capacity in both Mississippi and Alabama had expanded by the latter part of the war, despite repeated raids by the Federals, and by 1864, both Anderson’s and Gillaspie’s depots were successful operations.
 
Unfortunately, no descriptions of the depots’ uniforms are available, so I have had to guess which depot made which of the two types.  I have used the meager clues at hand to assign each jacket type to a depot.  These include the proximity of one depot to a place of issue; and, the “linsey” weave found in one of the distinct types.
 
Using the proximity clue, the jacket belonging to Sergeant H.P. Kingsley was probably issued close to its point of origin.  Kingsley, of the 2nd New York Cavalry, was a prisoner of war at Cahaba Prison near Selma.  He had been captured in December 1864, and he received the jacket there: one of the seven-button jackets with the double row of topstitching.  Based on this provenance, the seven-button jacket was likely manufactured at Montgomery.  Furthermore, all of the seven-button jackets are made of the same type of basic cloth.  This was apparently the “linsey” weave fabric that quartermasters used in Montgomery throughout the war to make enlisted uniforms.  Based on these clues, I have dubbed the seven-button jacket the “Montgomery Depot” uniform.  Given the previous assumption, the other jacket type with five-buttons, and a blue collar would have come from the Columbus, Mississippi Depot.  I have dubbed it the “Anderson” uniform, after the depot's quartermaster, Major William J. Anderson.  I have purposely avoided the term “Columbus” in order to avoid confusion with the well-coined term “Columbus jacket” that refers to the Columbus, Georgia Depot uniforms of Captain Francis W. Dillard.  Therefore, the two types will be referred to henceforth as the Montgomery and Anderson jackets.
 
Starting with the Anderson-dubbed jacket, it has the following characteristics.  Its fabric is a woolen-cotton, plain-weave,[12] now appearing a light tan or brownish-gray color.  The cotton warp ranges in color from a natural white to a yellowish-white to a light tan.  The woolen weft ranges in color from an oatmeal-gray to a grayish-tan.  Many of the jackets have patches of the grayish nap intact.  The woolen yarns may have originally been dyed a steel gray color, and have now faded to their light grayish tones, which suggests the jackets were originally steel gray.  The blue collar trim weave typically has a woolen weft yarn over two and under two cotton warp yarns, and one cotton warp under two and over two woolen weft yarns.  The cotton warp is usually light tannish-brown color, and the woolen weft a bright, dark blue color.  The lining is an unbleached cotton osnaburg.  All of the jackets have identical tailoring consisting of a six-piece body, two-piece sleeves, one exterior inset pocket, one interior patch pocket (always on the opposite breast from the exterior pocket) which bottom edge varies in shape, five-button front, and, a two-piece collar (inside and out), generally with a dark blue, woolen-cotton jeans facing.  Other similarities which vary slightly are wooden Confederate depot buttons and a single waist belt loop on the left side.[13]  Two original jackets and several photos indicate that the wooden buttons may have been the typical, factory-applied button.  At least three of the seven original jackets have belt loops on the left side, indicating that many of them were made with this feature.  The exterior breast pocket was usually placed on the right side of the jacket.  Of twelve jackets observed by the author (either originals or portraits) only two had the exterior pocket on the left side.  Perhaps one of the most peculiar features is the manner of attaching the collar.  After the jacket was finished, the collar was put on last.  The inside and outside collar components were laid with their front sides flat against the lining and basic cloth, and their bottom seam edges aligned with edges of the neck hole.  The inner and outer collar pieces were then joined with the neck hole seam lining and basic cloth between them, without any interlining.  Once joined, each collar piece was folded upwards so that the back sides of the cloth faced together, the outer seam edges were folded inward along the edge and then whipstitched together to close the collar.  In some instances, the exterior collar component was misaligned causing the lower edge to fall below the outside neck hole seamline, (such being unintentional).  Other notable variations include cuff trim and the trim color.  One surviving jacket has no colored trim (the collar being of the same fabric as the jacket); another has green collar and straight-cuff trim; and, a few, observed in photos and as an original, have red collars and pointed-cuff facings.
 
A feature common to both jacket types was the two-hole wooden, depot-applied button.  This particular button came in a jacket size that was just over seven-eighths of an inch diameter, and in a pants size that was slightly more than five-eighths of an inch in diameter.  The concept of using wooden buttons on Confederate depot clothing was not unique to the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana.  The Richmond, Virginia Depot manufactured similar buttons, except with four holes per button instead of two.  The maker of the department’s depot buttons was William C. Allen of Prattville, Alabama.  Prattville was about fifteen miles northwest of Montgomery.  As early as October 1863, Captain Gillaspie was making monthly purchases of these buttons from Allen.  In that month, he ordered, “… four hundred gross of good substantial wooden buttons per month, being 200 gross of pants and 200 Gross Jacket Buttons, to be equaled in style and workmanship to sample exhibited by said Allen, the holes to be well rounded and smooth so as to not cut the thread: the said Gillaspie to pay the said Allen the sum of Two Dollars per gross for said buttons, as they are delivered to him in Selma, Ala; and to furnish transportation for the same: The said Allen further promises to increase the number of said buttons as occasion may require.”  This would have totaled 28,800 of each size.  Gillaspie bought more of Allen’s buttons in 1864.  In February he bought 745 gross (107,280) buttons; in March 375 gross (54,000) “Wood” buttons; and, in May 850 gross (122,400) “Wood” buttons.  For purposes of this study, I have dubbed these the “Allen” buttons.  Gillaspie’s records describe and document the buttons’ use at the Montgomery Depot.  Even though Anderson left no similar records, he used the wooden Allen buttons at the Columbus, Mississippi Depot, as well.  Incidentally, Captain George W. Cunningham, Quartermaster at the Atlanta, Georgia Depot, used this type of button, too.[14]
 
Of the surviving Anderson jackets, the most prevalent variant is first considered: the infantry jacket with a dark blue collar.  This variant is represented by six jackets worn by the following soldiers: Thomas Jefferson Beck, Fenner’s Louisiana Light Artillery Battery; John Hoey, Company E, 22rd Louisiana Infantry; John A. Dolan, 14th (Austin’s) Battalion, Louisiana Sharp Shooters; Andrew Jackson Duncan, a Mississippi soldier; J.M. Donald, Company I, 6th Missouri Infantry; and Silas Buck, Comany D, 12th Mississippi Cavalry.
 
Thomas Jefferson Beck's infantry jacket has excellent provenance to Fenner’s Louisiana Artillery Battery.  The command began its service as an infantry battalion, re-organized as light artillery, and served the last part of the war as heavy artillery at Mobile, Alabama.  When Mobile fell, the battery armed itself as infantry and marched to Meridian, Mississippi, where the men were paroled on May 10, 1865.[15]  The basic fabric has a yellowish-white cotton warp, and an oatmeal-gray woolen weft.  Some of the gray nap is still present in patches.  The collar facing has the usual weave; the bright, dark blue woolen weft; and, a light golden-brown cotton warp.  The collar facing aligns with the neckhole seam.  The jacket retains its original Allen buttons.  The exterior pocket is set on the left breast with the welt's bottom edge just barely above middle button.  The interior patch pocket, set in the right breast, has a “V” shaped bottom edge.  The pocket opening employs the selvedge and is not folded over.  The bottoms of the lapel fronts are barely rounded.  The edges of the lapels have a single row of fairly tight, backstitched topstitching from the base of the collar to the point where the facing lapel meets the lining at the bottom edge of the jacket.  The top edges of the collar and exterior left pocket welt are secured with a loose basting stitch.  The bottom edge of the jacket and the cuffs have no topstitching.  The jacket has a single belt loop on the left side.[16]

1a. A front view of Beck's jacket showing the wooden Allen buttons. The brindling in the cloth is especially visible in the left sleeve and at the level of the second button from the bottom. The Beck jacket artifact, in the 1-series of images, is courtesy of the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia.

1b. Another front view of Beck's jacket showing the buttonholes. Beck's jacket has the exterior pocket on the left side, which was normally the exception.

1c. The bottom left front highlights the brindled basic cloth.

1e. This image provides a good view of the topstitching, buttonholes and remaining patches of the nap.

1g. Another view of the Allen buttons and topstitching.

1i. The exterior pocket opening is visible here.

1k. Another detailed view of the plain weave basic fabric and the nap is offered.

1m. A side view of the belt loop shows the inside facing osnaburg.

1o. Details of the inside of the cuff are visible here. The cuff's sleeve lining was set back from the edge about one-half to five-eighths inches.

1d. This view of the lapel bottom shows that the top-stitching around the edge only extended as far as the inside edge of the inside facing lapel. The damage to the left lapel front shows that the lapels were interlined with osnaburg.

1f. A detailed view of a close to one-inch diameter Allen button and a buttonhole is shown here.

1h. The exterior pocket welt in this case has no topstitching.

1j. The weave and the nap are visible here. The newly-issued jackets must have had a thick nap that completely hid the weave. This soft nap wore away under the abrasion of normal use.

1l. The jacket's single belt loop, on the left side, is pictured here. The belt loop was attached where the side and front seam joined. The bottom of this belt loop is 2 3/4 inches above the bottom edge of the jacket.

1n. The underside of the belt loop is visible here.

1p. The right side view of the collar displays the dark blue weft and the light brown warp of the twill weave trim cloth.

1q. Here is a left side view of the collar.

1s. This view shows the rear of the collar and the alignment of the center seam.

1u. A close up of the back clearly shows the right-side back and left-side side pieces are distinctly darker that their counterparts. The right-side back piece has the distinctive brindle stripes.

1w. This provides magnification of the brindling on the lower right-side back piece.

1y. This image shows a full view of the lining.

1r. This image provides a clear view of the inside of the collar.

1t. The back view of the jacket displays the brindled effect in the weave and the placement of the belt loop.

1v. Here is a magnified view of the brindling on the upper right-side back piece.

1x. A view of the right-side, inner sleeve piece shows more of the brindle weave.

1z. This view of the lining highlights the "V" shaped bottom of the interior pocket. This pocket variation is seldom encountered in the Anderson jacket: the "U" shaped bottom being the most common by far.

1z27. This lining view shows the inside left side. Beck's jacket has the less common pocket placement of having the exterior pocket on the left and the interior pocket on the right.

1z29. The interior pocket opening employs the selvedge. This expedient made it unnecessary to turn the edge inward and saved the seamstress that bit of sewing.

1z31. The stitch used to attach the belt loop is visible here, as well as the variation in the lining fabric.

1z28. The lapel facings are joined to the lining with an interior seam, then pressed flat.

1z30. The interior pockets were topstitched "patch-style" to the lining using a backstitch. The osnaburg weave of the lining is also clearly visible.

1z32. The bottom edge seam is visible here. Most of the bottom edge was not topstitched.

The next infantry jacket was owned by John Hoey (sometimes spelled Hoye, but pronounced by the family “Hoe-ey”), Company E, 22nd Louisiana Consolidated Infantry Regiment.  Hoey had originally been part of the 23rd Louisiana Infantry until its incorporation into the 22nd Consolidated Regiment in January 1864.  Hoey had enlisted in 1861, and his command had fought through the Vicksburg Campaign, after which it was paroled, exchanged and consolidated, and eventually assigned to army at Mobile.  In 1865, Hoey fought at Spanish Fort, and after which his regiment moved to Meridian, Mississippi where it surrendered on May 8.  He presumably received this jacket in the vicinity of Meridian or Mobile.  As a tribute to his service, Hoey inscribed the lining of his jacket, similar to that of Dolan’s, with, “JOHN HOEY CO E 23 LA VOL C.S.A. H.”[17]
 
The jacket's basic fabric has a light, yellowish-tan cotton warp, and an oatmeal-gray woolen weft.  There are patches of the nap on some of the surfaces.  The nap has a distinctly light grayish color.  From a few feet away, the basic cloth appears to a tan color, slightly brindled, due to variations in the shade of weft yarns.  The collar facing fabric is typical.  The woolen weft has a bright, dark blue color, and the cotton warp a light, yellowish-tan color.  The buttons are missing, but one brass shank remains attached by the buttonhole thread, indicating that the jacket was issued with brass buttons that were broken off at some point, perhaps in conformance with Federal regulations that Confederate parolees remove their military buttons.  The buttonholes themselves are worked with a double thread, something that was unusual for depot buttonholes.  The exterior pocket is set on the right breast with the pocket welt centered between middle button and next lower button.  The bottoms of the lapel fronts are distinctly squared.  There is a single row of basted topstitching all around the jacket's edge, rather widely-spaced, except for the collar.  The top edge of the pocket welt has a few widely spaced, basting topstitches, but the cuffs have no topstitching.  The left side seam has no belt loop, nor does it appear to have ever had one.  The rear bottom edge of the back, at the center seam, has a very slight point.
 
Hoey’s collar was misaligned when sewn in place and the bottom seam of the outer collar falls below the neck hole seamline.  Such an effect was entirely unintentional on the part of the seamstress.
 
The interior patch pocket, set in the left breast, has a rectangular shape with the bottom corners being rounded.  The opening has been folded over a quarter inch twice to make a neat edge, and felled in place.  The pocket bag itself has been basted to the lining with somewhat widely spaced stitches.  Both the left patch pocket and the right inset pocket are made from unbleached drillings, in contrast to the osnaburg lining.
 
The facing lapels also include some noteworthy characteristics.  They are pieced with the bottom portions cut from scrap, but the tops employing selvedge along the interior edge.  The facing lapels have been laid over the osnaburg lining and whipstitched in place, with the selvedge being sewn flat, but the raw edge of the pieced ends being folded under, and thereby losing some width.[18]

2a. A front view of Hoey's jacket, that is regrettably without its buttons. The Hoey jacket artifact, in the 2-series of images, is courtesy of the Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana.

2b. Another front view of the Hoey jacket that has the exterior pocket on the right side: the most common configuration for the Anderson-style jacket.

2d. The bottom edge of Hoey's jacket has topstitching: a widely-spaced basting stitch.

2f. The left side of the jacket has no belt loop and no indications that one had ever been applied. The front piece brindling is visible in this view.

2c. A close-up view of the front exhibits the brindled effect in the weave: a trait most common in Anderson-style jackets.

2e. This image provides a view of the basic cloth's plain weave, as well as the single remnant of the jacket's buttons: a brass shank. The brass shank indicates that Hoey's jacket was issued with regular Confederate brass buttons that were removed after the surrender in accordance with Federal dictates. A brass cotter pin was attached to the shank some time after the war.

2g. The buttonholes are worked with a doubled thread, something that is unusual for most depot buttonholes. The topstitching along the jacket's edge is a very widely spaced basting stitch.

2h. The exterior pocket on the right side is aligned between the middle and next lower buttons. The pocket welt has widely spaced basting for the topstitching.

2i. This interior view of the pocket shows just how loosely many of the components were joined together in depot jackets. The seams appear to have been joined with widely spaced basting stitches.

2j. This view displays the basic cloth's weave and patches of the nap that have remained. The nap is of a light gray color, perhaps indicative of the jacket having originally been a steel gray color that has now faded.

2k. The Anderson-style jacket collars occasionally extended below the neckhole seam line due to the sewing the component around the neckhole edge and then folding them upwards to join along the top edge. This feature was an unintentional seamstress error: not a design feature in the pattern.

2l. A closer view of the shows some details of its construction.

2m. This close view of the inside of the collar shows how it has been folded upwards from the bottom seam.

2n. The back of the collar shows not only its two-piece construction, but the the haphazard manner in which depot seamstresses often stitched garments together. The alignment of the collar and back seams is off by a quarter inch.

2o. The damage to the collar allows a view of the whipstitching used to join the top edges of the collar components. One can also see that no interlining was added: a common feature in Anderson-style jackets.

2p. This image gives a view of the entire inside of the collar.

2q. This gives a closer view of the right inside of the collar.

2r. This gives a closer view of the left inside of the collar.

2s. The back of the jacket is shown here.

2t. The bottom edge of the jacket has a widely spaced basting stitch as the topstitching.

2u. Here the back of the left sleeve is visible.

2v. Here the back of the right sleeve is visible.

2w. This jacket's inside is visible here, along with Hoey's inscription and the interior left pocket.

2x. A close-up view of Hoey's inscription is provided here.

2y. The right inside lining of the jacket is shown here.

2z. Details of the sleeve cap and osnaburg lining are provided here.

2z27. The facing lapels have been pieced together from scrap. The scrap with a selvedge edge has been flat-sewn over the lining, while the scrap with a raw edge has been turned under where it joins the lining and whipstitched into place.

2z29. The interior patch pocket is made from drilling, not osnaburg as is the rest of the lining. The depot obviously used whatever small scrap was available to make this pocket. The pocket itself has been basted on with widely spaced stitches.

2z28. The left side facing lapel mirrors the right side. The plumb edges of both sides, where they join the lining, are misaligned due to the raw-edged scrap pieces being turned under.

2z30. The pocket opening has been folded over twice and stitched closed in the typical manner, since the piece had no selvedge edge.

John A. Dolan’s jacket is likewise marked in the manner of Hoey’s, having the owner’s battle history and chain-of-command penned in the lining.  Dolan enlisted in 1861 and fought in the Army of Tennessee through the Nashville Campaign of 1864.  Following the army's retreat into Mississippi, Austin’s Battalion became part of the Mobile Garrison, and ended the war there.  On May 1, 1865, Dolan drew clothing that probably included this jacket.  This may have taken place at Cuba Station, Alabama, close to Meridian, where the battalion arrived on April 24th, or at Citronelle, Alabama, where the command surrendered on May 4th.[19]  Dolan inscribed the lining of his jacket with many details of his service.  The inscription, in three sections, reads, “John. A. Dolan, Enlisted Aug 17 1861 N.O. LA., Surrendered May 18 1865, Merridian, Miss,” “Austin Batt Comp A., SHARP SHOOTERS, Gibson BRIGADE, Clayton Division, Hardee Corps, Hoods Army, C.S.A.,” and, “May 1865, J.A. DOLAN C.S.A.”
 
The jacket is an overall tan color now, but the protected fabric surface can be observed through tears in the seams, and a heavy, oatmeal-colored nap is visible on pressed-down quarter inch seams.  The buttons are all missing.  The exterior pocket is placed on the left breast and the middle of the pocket welt is centered on middle buttonhole.  The welt is topstitched with a single loose backstitch all around.  The rectangular, interior patch pocket, set in the right breast, has slightly rounded bottom corners.  The pocket opening employs the selvedge and is not folded over.  The dark blue collar facing aligns with the neck hole seam.  Dolan’s blue trim varies from the norm.  It appears to be a woolen flannel with cotton warp threads interspersed at regular intervals alongside woolen warp yarns.  The woolen yarns are also dyed a deeper, brighter blue than what is typically encountered.  The bottoms of the lapel fronts are slightly rounded.  The front edges of the lapels have a single row of topstitching (a widely spaced backstitch) that extends from the base of the collar to as far as where the facing lapel meets the lining at the bottom edge of the jacket.  The bottom edge of the jacket, the cuffs and the collar have no topstitch.  The jacket has a belt loop on the left side.  The inside facing of the belt loop is osnaburg, and the bottom edge stitching has come loose, so that the bottom of the loop is no longer secured to the jacket.[20]

3a. A front view of Dolan's jacket. The jacket is missing its buttons, which strongly suggests that they were brass Confederate buttons that Dolan had to remove in accordance with the Federal dictate. The Dolan jacket artifact, in the 3-series of images, is courtesy of Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana.

3b. Magnification of Dolan's jacket shows the buttonholes sewn with double thread and the edge stayed with a backstitch.

3d. Dolan's collar construction is typical of most Anderson-style jackets, being perfectly aligned with the top of the neckhole. The has no interlining, as seen through its damaged surface.

3f. This view shows the back of Dolan's jacket and belt loop placement. Dolan's jacket is very soiled, but there is apparently no brindling in the cloth weave.

3c. The exterior, left side pocket welt is centered in line with the middle buttonhole, and its edge is top stitched with a widely spaced backstitch.

3e. The back of Dolan's collar shows that the vertical seams are well-aligned.

3g. Dolan inscribed the lining of his jacket with details of his service.

3h. This image provdes a close view of the inside lining. The bottom edge of the jacket has no topstitching.

3i. This image details one of Dolan's inscriptions: his organizational affiliation.

3j. This image shows Dolan's service dates.

3k. The final inscription on Dolan's lining has his name and when his service ended.

3l. Dolan's interior pocket follows the usual, "U"-shaped pattern, but is atypical in that it is on the right side. A selvedge edge has been used for the opening.

3m. Dolan pinned a small bow, fashioned from red and white silk ribbons, to his lining. The significance of the bow is not known.

Another infantry jacket is attributed to Andrew Jackson Duncan's infantry jacket has a tentative provenance based solely upon his name (assuming this to be correct).  Family lore attributes Duncan’s service to the 31st Mississippi Infantry, but the service records do not support this claim.  There are three other “Andrew” or “A.J.” Duncans in the Mississippi rosters, which name matches that associated with the jacket, and these men are all affiliated with cavalry commands that served in the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana.[21]  Regardless of who might actually have worn the jacket, it is authentic.  The fabric has a tan-colored cotton warp, and an oatmeal-gray woolen weft.  The overall color appears homogenous.  The collar trim’s woolen weft has the same bright, dark blue color normally encountered, but it may have a plain weave.  The trim’s cotton warp is a light tan color.  The collar facing aligns with the neckhole seam.  The jacket retains its wooden Allen buttons, and the bottoms of the lapel fronts are slightly squared.  The exterior pocket is placed on the right breast, and the bottom edge of the welt starts at middle button, with the top of the welt above the middle button.  This jacket has a double-row of topstitching all around the body, similar to that found in the Montgomery jackets.  This was done in a widely spaced backstitch.  The exterior pocket welt has the same widely spaced topstitching in a single row.  The cuffs and collar are not topstitched, but the neck hole just beneath the base of the collar is secured with a single row of widely spaced backstitching.  The jacket has a single belt loop on the left side.[22]

4a. A front view of Duncan's jacket, with the typical pocket configuration and its complete compliment of Allen buttons. The Duncan jacket artifact, in the 4-series of images, is courtesy of the Alan Hoeweller Trust collection, Cincinnati, Ohio.

4b. A magnified view of the front shows the belt loop at the left side seam, although barely visible.

4c. The edge around Duncan's jacket has a double row of topstitching that extends all around the body, a feature more commonly seen in the Montgomery Depot jackets.

4d. A close up view of the two-hole, depot-issue, Allen button is provided here. Possibly due to the unmilitary, utilitarian appearance of these buttons, the Federal authorities did not make the wearers remove them.

4e. The edge of Duncan's cuffs are not topstitched.

4f. This image shows Duncan's collar.

4g. Two things are noteworthy in this image: the collar is interlined (unlike most Anderson-style jackets); and, the blue trim cloth has weave different from that observed in the rest of the infantry collars. It consists of a loose plain weave woolen flannel with cotton warp threads interspersed at regular intervals.

The last of the extant infantry jackets (to retain its blue collar) was owned by J.M. Donald (possibly McDonald) of Company I, 6th Missouri Infantry.[23]  The regiment fought in the Mississippi and Vicksburg Campaigns, the Atlanta and Nashville Campaigns, and ended its service in 1865 defending Mobile.  Donald probably got the jacket while at Mobile, Alabama.  The fabric has a natural white cotton warp, and an oatmeal-gray woolen weft.  Patches of the gray nap are still intact.  The collar trim seems to conform to the usual pattern, but since it was observed behind glass while on exhibit, exact details are lacking.  The woolen weft is a bright, dark blue, and the cotton warp a golden-brown.  The collar facing aligns with the neck hole seam.  The jacket now has two Confederate, local staff buttons.[24]  The exterior pocket is set on the right breast with the middle of the pocket welt centered on the middle button.  The bottoms of the lapel fronts are somewhat squared.  The edge of the body has a double row of topstitching completed in a widely spaced backstitch.  The cuffs have no topstitching, but the edge of the collar has a single row of a basting stitch along the top edge.  The top edge of the exterior right pocket has a loose basting stitch, as well.  The jacket has no belt loop on the left side.[25]

5a. A front view of Donald's jacket, with the typical pocket configuration, but missing its original buttons. Two replacement, Confederate staff buttons have been added. The Donald jacket artifact, in the 5-series of images, is courtesy of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia.

5b. A magnified view of Donald's collar shows that it is trimmed with the usual blue woolen jeans material, and sewn on even with the neckhole seam line. The edge of the jacket has the double row of topstitching seen in most of the Montgomery jackets and in Duncan's Anderson-style jacket. Interestingly, the buttonhole thread is a color fast, steel gray color.

5c. A closer view of Donald's jacket the stitching around the edge that apparently extends all the way around.

5d. A close-up view of the exterior pocket indicates that no topstitching was applied to the welt or the pocket bag seam.

5e. The two-piece sleeve did not have topstitching around the edge of cuff.

5f. A magnified view of Donald's basic cloth shows the plain weave of the fabric and also some patches of nap remnants. The nap retains its steel gray color, indicative of the original color of the jacket before most of the nap wore off and the dye in the yarns faded to tan.

The last of the infantry jackets was worn by Silas Calmes Buck, Company D, 12th Mississippi Cavalry.  Buck's jacket left the factory as a blue-trimmed, infantry jacket, but thereafter, Buck had it trimmed in mounted rifle green.  Buck's wartime image of him wearing the jacket before its alteration attests to its original configuration.  Buck received the jacket while serving with General Nathan Bedford Forrest’s command in the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana.  Buck enlisted in the 12th Mississippi Cavalry in October 1864, and at the end of the war, his regiment was at Fort Blakely.  He surrendered at Citronelle on May 4, 1865, and was paroled at Gainesville, Alabama on May 14.[26]  He would have received the jacket no earlier than October 1864, but more likely he got it in the spring of 1865.  Perhaps the green trim was applied to a batch of uniforms within Forrest's command since the command fought as mounted infantry and green was the mounted infantry color.  In any case, the jacket’s overall color is a light tan.  The fabric has a light tan-colored cotton warp, and a beige woolen weft.  It varies from the other Anderson jackets in that it has dark emerald green, tightly woven, light weight twill trim cloth on the collar and cuffs.  The collar has been attached in the same manner as Hoey’s with the bottom seam misaligned below the top edges of the lapels either side of the collar’s ends.  There is a row of basted topstitching all along the top edge, and the top seam is whipstitched to the interior facing.  The bottom edge of the green collar facing is likewise whipstitched to the neck hole.  The one-piece cuff trim is cut straight across, typical of that seen on the Columbus, Georgia jackets.  The top edge of the cuff facing is whipstitched in place, and the bottom edge is folded under the end of the cuff, tucked under the folded under edge of the lining and whipstitched closed.  The exterior pocket is placed on the right breast, and the pocket welt bottom is even with the middle button.  The entire edge of the pocket welt is topstitched with a tight backstitch.  The bottoms of the lapel fronts are distinctly squared.  The entire edge of the jacket body is topstitched all around with a stout backstitch.  The topstitching and buttonholes are of a natural white cotton thread, except for the collar topstitching that is light brown.   The jacket has a single belt loop on the left side.  The unbleached osnaburg lining has the typical, interior patch pocket, rectangular in shape, in the left breast.  The pocket opening is folded inward and secured with a very tight backstitch.  The jacket also has Mississippi “I” brass buttons instead of wooden Allen buttons.  They appear to be original factory applied buttons, but they might have been added by Buck after he received the jacket.[27]

6r. This image of Silas Buck shows him wearing his Anderson Depot jacket, still with its dark blue, infantry collar intact. Buck Had green cloth added to the collar and cuffs to reflect his servive with Forrest's mounted infantry command. Image courtesy of fellow researcher, Erik "Reb Jeb."

6a. A left-front view of Buck's jacket displays its most salient feature: its dark emerald green facings. The Buck jacket artifact, in the 6-series of images, is courtesy of a private collection.

6b. A right-front view of Buck's jacket shows the exterior pocket on the right side.

6c. A close-up view of one of the buttons shows the style applied to the jacket: Mississippi infantry. These may have been the buttons originally issued on the jacket. The topstitching along the entire exterior edge is a tight backstitch.

6d. The exterior pocket welt has a tight backstitch along its edges.

6e. The belt loop is about 3 5/8 inches long with an opening for the waist belt approximately three inches wide.

6f. The most salient feature of Buck's jacket is the dark emerald green, tightly woven, light weight twill trim cloth. Buck's collar is misaligned along the neckhole seam line, causing the outer collar facing to fall below the actual collar seam.

6g. The green collar is sewn similarly to the Anderson-style blue collars, but the green outer facing is of one piece as opposed to the usual two-piece collar with a center seam. The entire edge of the facing is whipstitched in place and the outer top edge has a row of basted topstitches.

6h. The cuff facings are similar to those seen on the Columbus, Georgia Depot jackets: straight cut across rather pointed. The cuff facings are approximately 1 7/8 inches wide.

6i. The cuff facings are one-piece, but their seams do not align with the rear sleeve seam.

6j. The top edge of the cuff facing is whipstitched in place, and the bottom edge is folded under the end of the cuff, tucked under the folded under edge of the lining and whipstitched closed.

6k. This view shows the tight , light weight, twill weave of the green facing.

6l. This magnified view of the cuff's interior shows how it is folded at the edge, and tucked under the lining.

6m. This image provides a left-rear view of Buck's jacket, to include the placement of the belt loop.

6n. This image provides a left-rear view of Buck's jacket.

6o. This view shows the inside, right facing lapel.

6p. This close-up image of the lapel facing shows details of the basic cloth's weave.

6q. The interior pocket on the left side rectangle-shaped.

The last two surving jackets include an untrimmed jacket, and a red trimmed artillery jacket.

The untrimmed, plain variant Anderson jacket (devoid of the usual collar trim) was worn by an unidentified first lieutenant.  It was donated to the State of Louisiana by the same family who donated a Richmond jacket worn by Mississippi soldier Abraham Adler.  The jacket's fabric has a yellowish-white or light tan cotton warp, and an oatmeal-gray woolen weft.  Some of the gray nap is still present in patches.  Furthermore, the fabric has a slightly striped appearance as observed in many of the Montgomery jackets and trousers.  The stripes are the result of intermittently spaced sections of lighter and darker colored fill yarn that makes up the weft.  Nevertheless, the overall color appears to be tan.  The outside of the collar, made of the same fabric as the rest of the jacket, aligns with the neckhole seam.  Interestingly, the officer added first lieutenant bars to the collar.  Not having any quarter- or eighth-inch gold braid, the officer used sixteenth-inch yellow soutache.  He laid two pieces of soutache together for each bar to achieve the desired eighth-inch width.  On each side, the top bar is two inches long and the bottom bar approximately two and a quarter inches long.  The jacket still retains three of its Louisiana pelican buttons.  These are wartime buttons and were likely added to the jacket during the war.  Two are Tice number LA204A2, with the backmark “Hyde & Goodrich, New Orleans,” and with the pelican’s head facing over its right wing.  The other button is Tice number LA 220A5, with the backmark “Scovill Mfg. Co. Waterbury,” and with the pelican’s head facing to the bird’s left.  The buttons and the donor family’s Louisiana residence suggest that the unidentified officer was from Louisiana.  The exterior pocket is on the right side.  The bottom edge of exterior pocket welt is level with the middle buttonhole.  The interior patch pocket, set in the left breast, has slightly rounded bottom corners.  The pocket opening is folded inward and secured with a widely spaced, short basting stitch.  The bottoms of the lapel fronts are slightly rounded, and the entire edge of the jacket, to include the collar, has a single row of widely spaced topstitching.  The right exterior pocket welt has loose basting, topstitching along the bottom edge only, and the cuffs have no topstitching.  The jacket shows no signs of having ever had a single belt loop on the left side.[28]

7a. The front view shows the only surviving Anderson-style jacket without collar trim. Regrettably, the jacket's wartime owner is unknown. The unknown lieutenant's jacket artifact, in the 7-series of images, is courtesy of the Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana.

7b. A closer view of the lieutenant's jacket shows the brindling so typical of the basic uniform cloth in the department. The exterior pocket is on the right side.

7c. A view of the lower right side shows the topstitching that extends all the way around the jacket's edge. The jacket's brindling gives the effect of stripes.

7d. The upper right view gives some details of the fabric.

7e. The left-front view shows the placement of the buttonholes.

7f. Buttonhole and topstitch details are provided here. The widely-spaced topstitch contrasts with the well-stitched buttonholes.

7g. The buttonholes were worked with a heavy brown thread, while the buttons were attached with the same white thread used to assemble the lining.

7h. The jacket has three of its original buttons, although only one is still attached. All are Louisiana pelican buttons. The button pictured here is a Tice number LA204A2, backmarked “Hyde & Goodrich, New Orleans.”

7i. The two unattached buttons are shown here. They include a Tice number LA204A2, with the backmark “Hyde & Goodrich, New Orleans,” and with the pelican’s head facing over its right wing; and a Tice number LA 220A5, with the backmark “Scovill Mfg. Co. Waterbury,” and with the pelican’s head facing to the bird’s left.

7j. The two unattached buttons' backmarks are shown here. The Tice number LA204A2 has the “Hyde & Goodrich, New Orleans” backmark, and Tice number LA 220A5 has the “Scovill Mfg. Co. Waterbury” backmark.

7k. This gives a close view of the exterior pocket. The seamstress attached the welt somewhat indifferently, causing a wrinkle in the fabric underneath.

7l. The top piece of the right sleeve is shown here. It was made from a piece of brindled cloth.

7m. The top piece of the left sleeve is shown here. In contrast to the right sleeve, the cloth it was cut from has a more homogeneous appearance.

7n. The bottom piece of the left sleeve contrasts with the top piece in that it was cut from brindle-striped cloth.

7o. A close-up of the right cuff shows that it had no topstitching.

7p. Magnification of the cuff fabric provides details of the plain weave and a view of some remaining nap.

7q. This provides a view of the fabric weave and shows some of the remaining nap.

7r. The lieutenant's collar is shown here. It is the same as the other Anderson-style collars except without the colored trim.

7s. The lieutenant followed a common expedient for applying his rank insignia to his collar. He used one-sixteenth inch soutasche. Soutasche was to be found in women's sewing supplies when gold braid was unavailable. The narrow yellow soutasche strands have been place side-by-side to give the effect of one-eighth inch gold lace.

7t. The inside of the lieutenant's collar shows that the seamstress took care to align the vertical seams. The orignal catalog number, "7449," is also visible.

7u. The back of the lieutenant's jacket shows a mix of brindled and homogeneous fabric that highlights the utilitarian purpose of this clothing. The left side seam, where it joins the front, shows no evidence of having had a belt loop, but it is possible that the lieutenant removed it.

7v. A close view of the back shows the loose stitches used to join seams.

7w. A magnified view of one of the back seams indicates that little care was taken to apply sturdy, tight stitches when sewing the garments together.

7x. The inside of the lieutenant's jacket is seen here. The interior pocket on the left has slightly rounded corners at the bottom.

7y. This magnified image shows the osnaburg lining's weave, and the interior topstitching around the bottom edge. The widely spaced topstitch may be a backstitch.

7z. This view of the right facing lapel shows a section of protected fabric that has retained most of its nap. As such, this piece of the basic cloth is representative of what it looked like before the nap abraded.

7z27. Another view of the basic cloth with brindling is offered here.

7z28. This image shows how the facing lapels and lining were joined with an interior seam.

7z29. This image shows how the collar was joined to the lining at the neckhole and folded upwards. The image also shows how the soutasche was drawn through holes in the collar and sewn in place.

7z30. This image provides a closer view of the interior, patch pocket.

7z31. The pocket's opening has been folded over and basted in place with widely spaced stitches.

7z32. This magnified view provides details of the patch pocket's stitches.

7z33. Another magnified view of the patch pocket shows its widely spaced stitches.

7z34. This view shows the quarter-inch seams used to join both the lining and the basic cloth, as well as the weave and texture of the osnaburg lining.

The last Anderson jacket is a red-trimmed artillery variant worn by Alabama artilleryman Hugh C. Clarke.  It is the only surviving Anderson-style artillery jacket.  Clarke served in Company D, Alabama State Reserves Artillery from September 1863 through November 1864 (the date of his last service record), and perhaps until the end of the war.  He enlisted for the war as a substitute at thirty-six years of age.  His command served in the Mobile area.  Clarke presumably got the jacket during the last months of the war.  A few things are worth noting about Clarke and his jacket.  The jacket would have fit a man about five foot, six inches tall.  Clarke was five foot, two inches tall, which means the jacket would have been large on him.  Louisiana pelican buttons were available throughout the war, and might have been applied at the depot, which could explain why Clarke had them on his jacket.  Finally, as part of the Alabama reserve troops that fell under Confederate command late in the war, Clarke would have been entitled to both Confederate and Alabama State quartermaster clothing, which would explain why Clarke had a Confederate quartermaster issue jacket.
 
Turning to Clarke’s jacket, the basic fabric is the same as observed in the other Anderson jackets and has an overall tan color.  The fabric does not exhibit the brindling that many of these jackets have.  The basic fabric's warp is a golden-yellow color, and the weft is an oatmeal-gray.  The fabric’s light gray nap is present over much of the jacket’s surface.  The outside of the collar aligns with the neck hole seam.  The exterior pocket is on the right side.  The bottom edge of exterior pocket welt is level with the middle buttonhole.  The bottom corners of the front lapels are slightly rounded.  The entire edge of the jacket has a single row of topstitching.  The jacket's most salient feature is the red trim: including both the collar facing and the pointed cuffs.  Another feature that differs from other Anderson jackets is the composition of the lining that departs from the typical, all-osnaburg material.  The body lining is made of unbleached cotton drill, the sleeves and interior pocket of the usual osnaburg, and the exterior pocket bag of a coarse cotton bagging.  The depot may have had some bales of drill and cut them into lining pieces, indiscriminately mixing the drill and osnaburg lining components into the jacket sets for assembly.  The coarse bagging in the exterior pocket represents an economical use of scrap.  The jacket may have had a belt loop at the left side seam.  There are four extant, Louisiana pelican buttons remaining on the jacket, that appear to have been attached at the depot.  They are Tice number LA204A2 with Hyde & Goodrich, New Orleans backmarks.  The pelican is depicted frontally with its head turned over its right wing.[29]

70a. This red-trimmed, Anderson-style, artillery jacket only came to the author's attention on 13 August 2016. It is the only known Anderson-style artillery jacket. The artifact in the 70-series images is courtesy of the Pink Palace Museum collection, Memphis, Tennessee.

70b. A closer view of the front of the left lapel is offered here.

70c. This view of the right front lapel shows the jacket's remaining buttons.

70e. This image provides a view of the jacket's back.

70d. The bottoms of the lapels are rounded, and the entire edge of the jacket has widely spaced topstitching (apparently a basting stitch).

70f. The lower edge of the back pieces form a slight point.

70i. This image shows a full view of the right sleeve.

70j. This image shows a full view of the left sleeve.

70k. The top of the right cuff is shown here. The dimensions include: height from base to point 4 5/8 inches; front seam height 2 1/8 inches; rear seam height 2 1/8 inches; and lower cuff facing height 2 1/4 inches.

70l. The top of the left cuff is shown here. The dimensions include: height from base to point 4 3/4 inches; front seam height 2 inches; rear seam height 2 1/8 inches; and lower cuff facing height 2 1/4 inches.

70m. The bottom of the right cuff is shown here.

70n. The bottom of the left cuff is shown here.

70o. This image highlights construction details of the cuff facing. The two-piece facing has been assembled and slipped over the finished cuff, being whipstitched on the outside to the sleeve's basic cloth. The facing piece was not perfectly aligned along the seams which aids in identifying the method of construction. This view also depicts the plain weave of the light weight, red woolen flannel used in the facings.

70p. The sleeve's cuff was finished before the facing was attached. The damage to the facing makes this visible. The edges of the basic cloth cuff were turned inward and probably finished before the facing was folded over the edge.

70q. The inside of the cuff facing was folding to the inside and then its edge was whipstitched to the sleeve lining.

70r. The sleeve caps had ample allowance in the ease which necessitated the puckering in the seam along the top edge.

70s. The sloppy alignment of the right sleeve cap illustrates how carelessly much of the workmanship was on depot clothing. Quantity and speed were more important than quality of work.

70t. The alignment of the left sleeve cap was much better, with the rear sleeve seam set in the middle of the back piece where the two elements joined.

70u. The exterior pocket is set on the right side with the opening slightly above the middle button. The top edge of the opening and the lower edge of the welt seam have widely spaced topstitching.

70v. The exterior pocket bag is made of very coarse cotton bagging, distinctly different from the osnaburg used in the sleeve linings.

70w. The collar is made in the same manner as other Anderson depot jackets. This collar has no topstitching.

70x. This image shows the rear of the two-piece collar.

70y. The entire outside of the collar is shown here.

70z50. The damage to the flannel collar facings exposes the buckram interlining.

70z. The inside of the collar displays the bottom closure: the unfinished edge laid on top of the lining and whipstitched in place. Another unusual feature of the interior collar facing is that the two component pieces do not match. One was cut longer than the other and its middle seam does not align with the back lining seam.

70z27. This image provides a view of the inside of the jacket.

70z28. The right lapel facing is shown in its entirety. The facings were joined to the linings by laying the top of the facing against the outside of the lining, aligning the seam edges, and joining the seams, turning and pressing. The lapel topstitching is visible on the underside.

70z29. The left lapel facing is depicted here. The shape of the lapel bottom is noteworthy in that it flairs outwards for some unknown reason.

70z30. The inside left bottom edge of the jacket displays the widely spaced topstitchinge seen elsewhere along the jacket's edge. The flared lapel facing bottom is also visible here.

70g. The back, bottom edge has the a widely spaced, basting topstitch, typical of the topstitching all along the edge.

70z31. The lining around the sleeve cap shows the contrast between the osnaburg sleeve lining and the drill of the body lining.

70z32. Clarke's jacket may have been issued with a belt loop along the outside left seam, that was subsequently removed. The loose threads seen to the left of the interior pocket may have secured the loop before it was cut off.

70h. The outside left side seam of the jacket is buckled, indicating a possible attachment of the belt loop.

70z33. The interior pocket is set on the left side. It is made of the same osnaburg fabric that the sleeves are lined with. The pockets dimensions are 6 5/8 inches wide and 7 inches long.

70z34. The interior pocket opening is placed about 3/4 of an inch above the middle buttonhole. The pocket bag has been whipstitched to the drill lining with one side aligned to the lapel facing.

70z35. The interior pocket bag's opening was folded inward with 3/4 inches showing, the edge was turned upward into the seam, and the seam was closed with a widely spaced back stitch.

70z36. This image offers a view of the inside fold of the opening.

70z37. The surface of Clarke's jacket is fairly well intact, in that much of the nap remains.

70z38. A close view of the plain weave highlights the golden yellow warp and the oatmeal gray weft.

70z39. The sleeves have much of the light gray nap intact which allows a glimpse of what the fabric must have looked like when it was new. The nap is distinctly light gray, but this shade may have oxidized. The original color of the nap may have been a bolder, steel gray. Interestingly, the sleeve has some dried mud on it, perhaps a legacy of Clarke's field service.

70z40. This image shows a common feature of Southern-made cloth: the presence of slub in the weave. Slub was the disproportional diameter of the weft yarn where it was spun thicker than the desired gauge. An example of this is the inconsistency just below the collar. Also visible in this image is the loose stitching in the seams (at the back seam), typical of the hasty workmanship used in making depot clothing.

70z41. The top buttons are shown here, albeit with the topmost missing. The widely spaced topstitching is also visible along the jacket's edge.

70z42. The center range of buttons is shown here. Interestingly, the center buttonhole was cut too long. The seamstress stitched the gap on the back side of the buttonhole.

70z43. The bottom two buttons are shown here, as well as the curved bottoms of the lapels. As with the center buttonhole, the bottom buttonhole was cut too long. The seamstress stitched the gap closed on the back side of the buttonhole.

70z46. The buttons are backmarked "Hyde & Goodrich, New Orleans."

70z44. This close view of the second button from the bottom shows the commonly used Louisiana pelican button.

70z45. This image shows both the bottom button and the buttonhole that was cut too long. The mis-cut buttonholes reflect the nature of depot clothing, hastily made and assembled without great care.

70z47. This close-up view provides details of the front of the buttonhole stitching. A special dark thread was used for buttonhole stitching and button attachment. The thread is now dark brown, but may have oxidized from black.

70z48. A close view of the back of the buttonhole stitching shows that it was not as carefully finished as the front.

70z49. This image shows how the buttons were attached to right lapel with the same dark brown thread button used in making the buttonholes.

Numerous images depicting soldiers wearing the Anderson style jacket further document and add to the data about the depot’s uniforms.  The photographs include not only the infantry jacket with the dark blue, they provide evidence for other variants, as well.  These include the untrimmed variant, red-faced artillery jackets, and infantry variants with pointed cuff trim.  These are recounted herein, starting with images of the more common infantry jacket.
 
F.M. Lassiter, who served with Company I, 28th Mississippi Cavalry in the Department of Mississippi, Alabama and East Louisiana, wore one of the simple infantry jackets.[30]  His full-length portrait shows that the fabric and color of the jacket and pants match.  The dark blue facing aligns with the collar seam.  His jacket has five wooden buttons and the exterior pocket on the right breast, with the pocket welt centered on the middle button.  The bottoms of the front lapels are square-shaped.[31]  Lassiter was in a disabled camp near Meridian, Mississippi during the last months of the war.  He probably received the uniform there while awaiting his discharge due to being permanently disabled from a severe wound.
 
An unidentified Confederate, who had his picture taken by Ben Oppenheimer of Mobile in May 1865, wore the typical infantry jacket, as well.  The jacket’s lapel bottoms are pointed.  The collar, that appears to be dark blue, aligns with the collar seam.  The image is very light and the buttons are indistinct, but they are so light that they are probably brass.  The exterior pocket appears to be on the right side.  The trousers and cap match the jacket.  The cap is fortuitously held at an angle where the visor is clearly visible, and it resembles the Crews style that has an Alabama provenance.  The cap appears to have brass buttons.[32]
 
Sergeant Joseph H. Orillion, Company I, 30th Louisiana Infantry wears a noteworthy variant of the Anderson infantry jacket in an image taken by Ben Oppenheimer of Mobile in May 1865.  Orillion had fought in the campaigns of Baton Rouge and Port Hudson; Atlanta and Tennessee; and, finally in 1865, Mobile.[33]  The jacket has the usual dark blue collar, but the sleeves have matching pointed cuffs.  It cannot be stated whether the cuff facings were applied at the factory or added after the jacket was issued.  The buttons are brass, but otherwise, the image is too indistinct to see which side of the jacket that the exterior pocket is on.  The bottom of lapels are also not visible in the image.  The trousers match the jacket in color and material.[34]

8a. F.M. Lassiter, Company I, 28th Mississippi Cavalry received an Anderson-style infantry jacket and trousers while assigned to the hospital due to debilitating wounds. Image courtesy of the Old Court House Museum, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

8b. An unidentified Confederate wears an Anderson-style jacket, trousers and cap when he had his picture taken by Ben Oppenheimer of Mobile. Image courtesy of Military Images, Charles Anegan collection.

8c. Sergeant Joseph H. Orillion, Company I, 30th Louisiana Infantry wears a variant of the Anderson infantry jacket with pointed cuff trim in an image taken by Ben Oppenheimer of Mobile. He has a pair of matching trousers. Image courtesy of the Confederate Calendar, Larry T. Jones III, Austin, Texas, and the Douglas H. Gardner collection.

William Cummings, Company I, 3rd Missouri Infantry wears the typical Anderson infantry jacket with five, highly polished, large brass buttons.  The exterior pocket is on the right breast with the horizontal welt evenly spaced between the middle and second button from the top.  The bottom lapels are square-shaped.  The pants fabric matches the jacket in color and texture.  Cummings was captured at Fort Blakely, imprisoned at Ship Island, and released on May 1, 1865.[35]  Cummings probably received his matching soldier suit shortly before the Battle of Fort Blakely.  The image was undoubtedly taken soon after he was released from prison.
 
An example of the plain Anderson jackets, devoid of colored facings, is worn by Andrew Swain, 5th Company, Washington Artillery (Louisiana).  Swain’s image with the jacket was taken by Anderson of New Orleans, May 1865.[36]  This battery performed its last service at Mobile.  The jacket has wooden Allen buttons, and the exterior pocket is on the right side, with the welt even with the middle button.  The trousers appear a dark color, and are very possibly cadet gray (not uncommon for soldiers stationed at Mobile).[37]
 
Corresponding with the original, red-trimmed artillery jacket in the Pink Palace Museum collection, at least four images show Anderson jackets with what appears to be red facings.  This assumption is reinforced by the provenance to artillery commands that the wearers’ have.  The pictured jackets have red collar and cuff trim, the cuffs being pointed.  A diary account also describes artillery jackets with red facings used in the department.  J.L.J.W. Lear, 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery, recalled his command being issued new uniforms with red collars and cuffs in March 1864 while stationed at Fort Morgan, near Mobile.[38]  While Leer’s uniform might have come from Columbus, Georgia, it is more likely that it would have come from either Columbus, Mississippi or the Montgomery-Selma operations since those were the depots that supplied the Mobile garrison.  Of the latter operations, Anderson’s Columbus, Mississippi Depot is the logical choice since evidence abounds that he usually trimmed his jackets with colored facings.
 
Private Henry Weston Fairchild of Fenner’s Louisiana Light Artillery Battery wears such an artillery jacket in a CDV.  The CDV was taken by Ben Oppenheimer in Mobile, Alabama, probably soon after Fairchild’s command was surrendered at Citronelle, Alabama on May 4, 1865.[39]  The jacket has a distinctly lighter shade of facings than are apparent in CDVs of infantry jackets: presumably red in color.  The collar and cuffs have facings, the cuffs being pointed.  The collar facing aligns with the collar seam.  The jacket’s buttons are brass.  The bottoms of the lapels are form corners.  The exterior pocket is on the right side with the top of the pocket welt even with middle button and the bottom of the welt below the middle button.  The trousers do not match the jacket in color and material. They are of a rougher material and a slightly darker shade.

8d. William Cummings, Company I, 3rd Missouri Infantry, wears the standard Anderson-style infantry jacket with matching trousers. Image courtesy of the Cummons family.

8e. Andrew Swain, 5th Company, Washington Artillery, wears a plain Anderson-style jacket, without colored collar trim. His dark-colored pants may be cadet gray, made from quartermaster issued cloth. Image courtesy of in the collection of Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana.

8f. Private Henry Weston Fairchild of Fenner’s Louisiana Light Artillery Battery wears an Anderson-style, artillery jacket with matching trousers in this CDV taken by Ben Oppenheimer in Mobile. This jacket variant has pointed cuff facings. Image courtesy of the Confederate Calendar, Larry T. Jones III, Austin, Texas.

Three images taken by Anderson of New Orleans depict members of the 5th Company Washington Artillery wearing red-trimmed Anderson jackets.  All of these images would have been taken after the 5th Company surrendered at Citronelle, Alabama in May 1865.  Corporal Alex P. Allain wears an artillery jacket identical to Fairchild’s, to include having brass buttons, and red facings of collar and pointed cuffs.  A.J. Chalaron wears the same type of jacket, but only the upper portion is visible.  It too, has brass buttons.  Likewise, John J. Jamison where’s this type of jacket with brass buttons, also with only the upper portion visible.[40]  All three jackets have collar facings that aligns with the collar seam line.  Allain’s and Chalaron’s images show that the exterior pocket is on the right side, and in both cases the bottom of the pocket welt is positioned slightly above the middle buttonhole.[41]  What is especially interesting about Chalaron’s jacket is that he not only had this enlisted jacket devoid of his officer collar rank, he also had a fine, double-breasted officer frock coat.  Furthermore, both Allain and Chalaron appear to be a bit older than their 1865 ages might suggest, and the images might well date to several years after the war, with the original Anderson-style jacket being worn as a photographer’s prop in both images.

8g. Corporal Alex P. Allain, 5th Company, Washington Artillery, wears an artillery jacket identical to Fairchild’s, and darker trousers (perhaps cadet gray). It is possible that Allain had this picture made several years after the war. The image is courtesy of the Glen C. Cangelosi collection and the Washington Artillery of New Orleans website, http://www.washingtonartillery.com.

8h. A.J. Chalaron, 5th Company, Washington Artillery, is pictured wearing his enlisted, Anderson-style artillery jacket. A.J. had two brothers in the 5th Company: J.A. "Jack" and Stephen. The image is courtesy of the Glen C. Cangelosi collection and the Washington Artillery of New Orleans website, http://www.washingtonartillery.com.

8i. John J. Jamison, 5th Company, Washington Artillery, wears his Anderson-style artillery jacket in this CDV. The image is courtesy of the Glen C. Cangelosi collection and the Washington Artillery of New Orleans website, http://www.washingtonartillery.com.

See continuation of this study in Part II: The Jackets of Captain William M. Gillaspie’s Depot, Selma and Montgomery, Alabama. Click here to navigate to the next part...


Acknowledgements:
The author extends his thanks to numerous institutions and people for their generous cooperation and indispensable help with this study.  Les Jensen’s Survey of Government Made Confederate Jackets, published in 1989, provided the first study of the “Alabama” (Anderson-style) jackets.  Harold S. Wilson’s Confederate Industry provided an understanding for clothing bureau operations.  Tom Arliskas’s Cadet Gray and Butternut Brown provided invaluable insights on the uniforms.  Numerous institutions and individuals have shared their collections, insights, and valuable time with me to make the study possible.  These include The Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, Chief Curator, Robert Hancock; Alabama Confederate Memorial Park, Marbury, Alabama, Director Bill Rambo; Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery, Alabama, Bob Bradley and Dr. Kerr; Texas Civil War Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, Executive Director Ray Richey; Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana, Director Pat Ricci; Washington Artillery of New Orleans website and Glen C. Cangelosi collection; Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana, Chief Curator Wayne Phillips; Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia, Curator Heather Beattie; Museum of Southern History, Houston Baptist University, Houston, Texas, Curator Maggie Brown; General Sweeny’s Civil War Museum, Republic, Missouri, Dr. Tom Sweeney and Joseph Furtak; Wilson Creek National Battlefield, Republic, Missouri, Curators Deborah Wood and Alan Chilton; Gettysburg National Park, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Curator Paul Shevchuk; Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, Curator Margaret Vining; South Carolina Confederate Relic Room, Columbia, South Carolina, Curator Joe Long; Neill Rose, Camden, South Carolina; Alan Hoeweller collection, Cincinnati, Ohio; Samuel P. Higginbotham II collection, Orange, Virginia; Lawrence T. Jones III, Confederate Calendar, Austin, Texas; Southern Methodist University, Lawrence T. Jones III collection, Dallas, Texas; Old Courthouse Museum, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Gordon A. Cotton and Jeff T. Giambrone; J.S. Mosby Antiques & Artifacts, Orange, Virginia, Stephen W. Sylvia; Historian Mike Bailey, Fort Morgan Historic Site, Gulf Shores, Alabama; Collecting the Confederate Soldier, Jim Osborn, Rockywood Productions, Inc., Denver, Colorado, 1996, Richard Todd collection; Archivist Vicki Betts, University of Texas, Tyler, online newspapers; Washington Memorial Library, Macon, Georgia, Brett Boyd and Anne Rogers; Military Images, Editor Ron Coddington, Arlington, Virginia; North South Trader Civil War, Publisher Steve Sylvia, Orange, Virginia; the Pink Palace Museum, Memphis, Tennessee, Registrar Tamara Braithwaite; and, a most generous, private collector who wishes to remain anonymous.

 
Copyright:
All photos are copyrighted to Adolphus Confederate Uniforms.  Although the artifacts are credited to different institutions, the images themselves are the property of the website and may not be reproduced without the author’s consent.


Bibliography:
[1] Wilson, Harold S., Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War, University of Mississippi Press, Jackson, 2002, (hereafter, Wilson), pp. 103-104, n. 32 and 33; and 207, n. 127.
[2] Wilson, pp. 67 and 315, note 87, February 3, 1862; note 89, April 14, 1863, and, note 90, April 15, 1863; and, pp. 124 and 329, note 148, October 14, 1863.
[3] Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers from the State of Louisiana, Microfilm Publication 320, Roll 199, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, National Archives, Washington D.C., (hereafter, CSRs Louisiana, or other state as appropriate), service records of Thomas Taylor, 8th Louisiana Infantry, Special Requisition, received at Montgomery, Alabama, 24 November 1863, of Captain A.P. Calhoun AQM, for linsey, shirting and drilling fabrics.  Taylor used these materials in a jacket that has been preserved in the Museum of the Confederacy collection.  Les Jensen described the fabrics in Taylor’s jacket in the booklet, A Catalogue of Uniforms in the Collection of the Museum of the Confederacy, The Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, 2000, pp. 51 & 56: the linsey being a brownish-gray wool and cotton twill; the shirting being a brown cotton striped lining in the body; and, the drilling being an unbleached cotton drill lining the sleeves.
[4] Alabama Department of Archives & History (hereafter, ADAH), SG 006471, Reel 8, fabric transferred by W.R. Pickett, AQM to Duff Green at Montgomery, Alabama, “Linseys” used for making jackets and pants at Montgomery, 21 and 28 October, and 28 November 1861; SG 006471, State Quartermaster quarterly returns; Alabama State Quartermaster prices for “Satinet pants” valued at $3.50 per pair on February 1, 1862; “Tweeds, Linseys & Kerseys” expended during the 4th quarter 1861; “Tweeds & Jeans” expended during the 2nd quarter 1862.
[5] Official Records, War of the Rebellion (hereafter, ORs), Series 1, Volume 24, Part 3, pp. 616-618, Major L. Mims, Major and Chief Quartermaster, Dept. of Mississippi and East Louisiana, to Lieut. Col. J.R. Waddy, Asst. Adj. Gen., Jackson, Mississippi, February 5, 1863.
[6] Daily Southern Crisis newspaper, Jackson, Mississippi, March 21, 1863, page 1, column 1, “What Mississippi has Done,” from the Mississippian.
[7] Wilson, pp. 124 and 329, note 148, 14 October 1863; pp. 190 and 192, Jackson, May 1863.
[8] Wilson, pp. 190-191.
[9] Wilson, p. 193; Confederate Papers Relating to Citizens or Business Firms, Microfilm Publication 346, Rolls 694 and 1091, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, National Archives, Washington D.C., M346, (research courtesy of Will MacDonald, Mississippi).
[10] Wilson, page 124, note 148.
[11] Mobile Register and Advertiser, May 17, 1864, p. 2, c. 2, [From an Occasional Correspondent.], Columbus, Miss., May 14, 1864.
[12] The author has personally examined the fabric of all the surviving jackets, and, under magnification, the weave is clearly plain.
[13] The belt loop kept the jacket from pulling over the waist belt and carried the weight of the heavy cartridge box, especially when the cartridge box was carried directly on the waist belt instead of on a cartridge box belt-sling.  Confederate quartermasters sometimes applied belt loops to both sides of their jackets, but this inhibited the positioning of the cartridge box over the soldier’s right hip, so many quartermasters settled on having one belt loop on the left side.
[14] CSRs Officer, M331, Roll 106, receipts for wooden buttons from W.C. Allen, Prattville, Alabama, dated October 27, 1863, and February 10, March 24, and May 9, 1864, by Captain William M. Gillaspie, Selma QM; information furnished by Alabama State Parks Historian Mike Bailey, Fort Morgan, Alabama.
[15] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Roll 50, Thomas J. Beck.
[16] Artifact in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia. Author examined the jacket on 25 July 2012; and, 16 & 18 October 2013.
[17] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Rolls 324 and 327, John Hoey and J. Hoye.
[18] Artifact in the collection of the Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana. Author examined the jacket on 12 November 2010; 14 November 2014; and, 27 October 2015.
[19] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Roll 264: the service records spell his name “Doland” for the most part, but the soldier spelled his name “Dolan.”
[20] Artifact in the collection of Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana. Author examined the jacket on 12 November 2010; 11 September 2013; and, 14 November 2014.
[21] CSRs Mississippi, M269 have no record of an Andrew Jackson Duncan having served in the 31st Mississippi Infantry.  Mississippi rosters include: Andrew Duncan, 11th Mississippi Cavalry; A.J. Duncan, 2nd Mississippi Cavalry; and, A.J. Duncan, 7th Mississippi Cavalry.  All three cavalry commands served in the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana.
[22] Artifact in the Alan Hoeweller Trust collection. Author examined the jacket on 30 November 2011.
[23] The provenance is unclear for this jacket, other than the owner was a Missouri soldier with the name J. Donald or J. McDonald. According to the CSRs Missouri, M322, he could have been Private John or Sergeant J.A. McDonald, both of Co. F, 8th Missouri Infantry, or even Lieutenant John T. McDonald, Co. I, 9th Missouri Infantry. These candidates, however, are unlikely since their regiments were Trans-Mississippi commands and they were paroled at Shreveport.  This type of jacket would not have been issued there. Furthermore, Sergeant J.A. McDonald was 6’2” tall, and the jacket appears too small to have fit him. The entry in Jensen’s “A Catalogue of Uniforms in the Collection of the Museum of the Confederacy” that the 8th Missouri Infantry was an Army of Tennessee command, and that the soldiers were paroled at New Orleans is erroneous.  The only candidate that seems likely, and his service records are very minimal, is Private J.M. Donald, Company I, 6th Missouri Infantry.
[24] This is according to Les Jensen in “A Catalogue of Uniforms in the Collection of the Museum of the Confederacy.” When I viewed the jacket on exhibit on 15 October 2013, the buttons were covered by accoutrements and not visible.
[25] Artifact in the collection of the Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia. Author examined the jacket on 15 October 2013.
[26] CSRs Mississippi, M269, Roll 45, Silas Buck.
[27] Artifact in a private collection. Author examined the jacket on 27 July 2015. See also North South Trader, Vol. XIV, No. 1, Nov-Dec 1986, pp. 16-18.
[28] Artifact in the collection of the Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, Louisiana. Author examined the jacket on 12 November 2010; and, 14 November 2014.
[29] CSRs Alabama, M311, Roll 65 as H.C. Clark, Company D, Alabama State Artillery, and as H.C. Clarke, New Company D, Alabama State Reserves. Artifact is in the collection of the Pink Palace Museum, Memphis, Tennessee.
[30] CSRs Mississippi, M269, Roll 57, F.M. Lassiter.
[31] Cotton, Gordon A., and Giambrone, Jeff T., Vicksburg and the War, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna, 2004, p. 79, courtesy of the Old Court House Museum, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
[32] Military Images, Vol. XXI, No. 3, Nov-Dec 1999, p. 38, Carte de visite by “Ben Oppenheimer, 55-66 Daupin Street, Mobile”, May 1865; photo courtesy of Charles Anegan.
[33] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Roll 359, J.H. Orillion.
[34] Confederate Calendar, August 1999, Larry T. Jones III, Austin, Texas, 1998, photo courtesy of the Douglas H. Gardner collection.
[35] CSRs Missouri, M322, Roll 115, William Cummings service records show his name spelled also as “Cummons,” “Cumons,” and “Cummins.”
[36] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Roll 70, Andrew Swain, Co. 5.
[37] From a Carte de visite, May 1865 in the collection of Confederate Memorial Hall, New Orleans, Louisiana, Andy Swain, 5th Company, Washington Artillery.
[38] CSRs Tennessee, M268, Roll 87, J.L.J.W. Lear.
[39] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Rolls 50 and 97, H.W. Fairchild; and, Confederate Calendar, July 1991, Larry T. Jones III, Austin, Texas, 1990.
[40] CSRs Louisiana, M320, Roll 62, Alex P. Allain, Co. 5; Roll 63, J.A. Chalaron; Roll 66, John J. Jameson, John J. Jamieson and J.J. Jamison.
[41] All three images (Allain, Chalaron and Jamison) are courtesy of the Glen C. Cangelosi collection and the Washington Artillery of New Orleans website, http://www.washingtonartillery.com.